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physicsConstructing a piano tone from sine waveSobrang mahal kasi ng piano kaya ito na lang ginawa ko. Ang tawag ko dito ay precision music (tingnan din ang aking precision art). Sine wave Sine wave + 50% 1st harmonic Sine wave + 50% 2nd harmonic Sine wave + 50% 3rd harmonic Sine wave + 50% 4th harmonic Sine wave + 50% 1st harmonic + 33% 2nd harmonics Sine wave + 50% 1st harmonic + 33% 2nd harmonics + 25% 3rd harmonic Sine wave + 50% 1st harmonic + 33% 2nd harmonics + 25% 3rd harmonic + 20% 4th harmonic Suppose when a key is pressed an instrument produces a note with 21%, 8%, 21%, and 8% 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th harmonics, respectively. Sine wave + 21% 1st harmonic + 8% 2nd harmonics + 21% 3rd harmonic + 8% 4th harmonic In reality, a note has to start and end at zero amplitudes--it has zero amplitude right before the key was pressed and zero amplitude after the note has died down. Right after the key was pressed, the amplitude shots up to maximum and suppose it decays to zero afterwards in a sort of exponential manner. Sine wave + 21% 1st harmonic + 8% 2nd harmonics + 21% 3rd harmonic + 8% 4th harmonic Two successive half-notes have frequency ratios of 2^(1/12). Using the note we constructed above for middle C, we can construct the entire keyboard by stretching or compressing the wave. The result below only plays the middle octave. Do-Re-Mi-Fa-So-La-Ti-Do and combining these notes, I constructed the following composition. How much of each of the first four harmonics were used to generate the tones for the following sound?
Tenth-root-of-sine wave Square-sine wave 5th-power-sine wave 10th-power-sine wave
Ang mapagmasid na mga bataKatatapos lang sukatin ng dalawang bata ang ihip ng hangin. Nagpapahinga sila sa isang burol. Dumaan ang isang tren, maingay at matindi ang usok habang tumatakbo, samantalang ang hangin na dinadaanan nito ay tuloy-tuloy lang at walang kupas sa pag-ihip. "Gaano kabilis ang hangin ayon sa ating instrumento?" tanong ng batang lalaki. "20 kilometers per hour." "Sapat na yan para malaman ko kung gaano kabilis ang tren." "Paano?" Nagdududa ang batang babae. "Ang gawin mo lang ay tingnan ng maigi ang galaw ng tren." Nag-isip ang babae at nahulaan din nya ito. Ang nakita nila ay siya ding makikita mo sa larawan. Gaano kabilis ang tren?
Lumpia at Bénard cells
Limit cycle model is not enoughRecent article (PDF) by Alexander Skupin and Michael Falcke showed that calcium ions are not cellular oscillators. Their result also proved that limit cycle oscillations are not enough to describe experimental data, suggesting that spatial components must be accounted for in the model. Click the picture below to read the caption.
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